Reporting on the data in files by using the printing features of COBOL is one of the main activities of COBOL programs. The reports are what end users see most often, and they are the area where users have the most requests for changes. You'll probably spend more time coding (and modifying) report programs than any other type of program. Acquiring good basics of printing reports on files will serve you throughout your COBOL career.
In today's lesson, you learn about the following topics:
You already have learned most of the steps for printing, because in COBOL you send data to the printer by writing data to a file. In COBOL, the printer is defined as a file, and it is opened, closed, and written to as though it were a file.
Like any file, the printer file requires both a logical and a physical definition. Listings 10.1 and 10.2 compare the differences between a SELECT statement for a file and the SELECT statement for a print file.
000400 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 000500 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. 000600 FILE-CONTROL. 000700 SELECT PHONE-FILE 000800 ASSIGN TO "phone.dat" 000900 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL. 001000 001100 DATA DIVISION.
000400 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 000500 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. 000600 FILE-CONTROL. 000700 SELECT PHONE-FILE 000800 ASSIGN TO PRINTER 000900 ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL. 001000 001100 DATA DIVISION.
The difference between the listings is the ASSIGN clause at line 00800. A normal disk file is assigned to a filename on the disk. A printer file is assigned to the COBOL reserved word PRINTER.
At line 000900, the ORGANIZATION for the printer file is changed to LINE SEQUENTIAL.
A line sequential file is similar to a sequential file, but it usually has carriage return and line feed characters added to the end of each record. These are added automatically every time a record is written. This format is suitable for printing or displaying. The format also is suitable for a file that is to be edited using a text editor. In fact, the source code files that you are editing whenever you write a program are line sequential files. In this case, the printer file is organized as a line sequential file because a carriage return and line feed are "added" at the end of each line and are sent to the printer to cause the print head to return to the left margin (carriage return) and drop down one line (line feed).
ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL is commonly used in many versions of COBOL for the organization of the printer file, but it is not the only organization. I have also seen ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL and ORGANIZATION IS PRINTER.
The ASSIGN statement you use varies slightly for different versions of COBOL, usually based on the device name used on your system for the printer. Table 10.1 compares some different versions of COBOL.
| COBOL Version | How to ASSIGN to PRINTER |
| Micro Focus COBOL or Personal COBOL | ASSIGN TO PRINTER |
| LPI COBOL | ASSIGN TO PRINT or ASSIGN TO PRINTER |
| ACUCOBOL version 2.0 | ASSIGN TO PRINTER |
| VS COBOL | ASSIGN TO "PRINTER" |
| VAX COBOL | ASSIGN TO SYS$PRINT? |
New Term: Because the printer is a device that is treated like a file in COBOL programs, a file used for printing is sometimes called a printer file or a printer device file.
On MS-DOS computers, writing a record "into" a printer file actually sends the record directly to the printer attached to your computer. When you write from the printer file, you send characters directly to the printer.
New Term: On larger computers with many users and one or more printers, writing to the printer file actually writes to a temporary file on the disk. When the printer file is closed, the temporary file is passed on to another program that handles the scheduling of the printers. The scheduling program usually is called a spooler or a print queue manager. This program sends the temporary file to the printer.
The second difference between data files and print files is shown in Listings 10.3 and 10.4. A data file uses LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD, and a print file uses LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. A printer is a device and does not require labeling (filenames).
002000 DATA DIVISION. 002100 FILE SECTION. 002200 FD PHONE-FILE 002300 LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD. 002400 01 PHONE-RECORD. 002500 05 PHONE-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 002600 05 PHONE-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 002700 05 PHONE-NUMBER PIC X(15). 002800 05 PHONE-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 002900
003000 FD PRINTER-FILE 003100 LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 003200 01 PRINTER-RECORD PIC X(80). 003300
In addition to printing a string of characters on paper, a COBOL program has to tell the printer when to advance one line down the page. It also might have to tell the printer when to advance to the next page.
When a WRITE command is used on a printer file, the command can include instructions to force the printer to advance one or more lines. The syntax for this is the following:
WRITE a-record BEFORE ADVANCING a-number.
The BEFORE ADVANCING phrase causes one or more carriage return and line feed characters to be sent to the printer after the line is printed.
New Term: A carriage return is a command sent to a printer that causes the print head to return to the left margin of the paper.
New Term: A line feed is a command sent to a printer that causes the print head to move down one line.
The carriage return and line feed combination is used to move the print head to the left edge of the paper (carriage return) and down one line (line feed).
The advancing phrase also can be used to force the printer to eject the last page and prepare to start a new one. The advancing command in the following example sends a form feed to the printer after printing a line:
WRITE a-record BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE.
New Term: A form feed is a command sent to a printer that causes the printer to eject the last sheet of paper and prepare to start printing at the top of a new sheet.
You also might advance the paper before printing a line. Table 10.2 compares the effects of various versions of BEFORE ADVANCING and AFTER ADVANCING.
| Code | Effect |
| WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 1. | Sends the characters in PRINTER-RECORD to the printer, then advances the printer one line |
| WRITE PRINTER-RECORD AFTER ADVANCING 1. | Advances the printer one line, then sends the characters in PRINTER-RECORD to the printer |
| WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 5. | Sends the characters in PRINTER-RECORD to the printer, then advances the printer five lines |
| WRITE PRINTER-RECORD AFTER ADVANCING 3. | Advances the printer three lines, then sends the characters in PRINTER-RECORD to the printer |
| WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. | Sends the characters in PRINTER-RECORD to the printer, then advances the printer to the next page |
| WRITE PRINTER-RECORD AFTER ADVANCING PAGE. | Advances the printer to the next page, then sends the characters in PRINTER-RECORD to the printer |
New Term: The BEFORE ADVANCING and AFTER ADVANCING clauses of the WRITE verb are called carriage control clauses or carriage control information. They control the positioning of the print head before or after a line is printed.
Most earlier COBOL programs use AFTER ADVANCING for carriage control. In fact, if you omit carriage control information when writing to a print file, each WRITE is treated as if you had included AFTER ADVANCING 1.
Most of the examples in this book use BEFORE ADVANCING. BEFORE ADVANCING has advantages for modern printers, particularly laser printers that expect to receive a form feed as the last command. This form feed causes the laser printer to print all of the last data received and eject the last page of the report.
It is a good practice to use either BEFORE or AFTER consistently in all of your code. You will see in more complex printing programs that it's easier to tell which line you are on when BEFORE or AFTER is used consistently in a program.
The simplest way to illustrate printing is to modify phnadd02.cbl from Appendix A, "Answers," for Day 9, "File I/O," so that it echoes each record to the printer as you add it. Listing 10.5 shows phnadd03.cbl, a modified version of phnadd02.cbl. Make sure that you have a printer attached to your computer, that the printer is on, and that the printer is ready to receive characters to print. Usually the printer will have a READY light that is on. If you run the program when the printer is not ready, it might lock up your computer.
000100 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 000200 PROGRAM-ID. PHNADD03. 000300*-------------------------------------------------- 000400* This program creates a new data file if necessary 000500* and adds records to the file from user entered 000600* data. The records are written to the data file 000700* and echoed to the printer. 000800*-------------------------------------------------- 000900 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 001000 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. 001100 FILE-CONTROL. 001200 SELECT PHONE-FILE 001300 ASSIGN TO "phone.dat" 001400 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL. 001500 001600 SELECT PRINTER-FILE 001700 ASSIGN TO PRINTER 001800 ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL. 001900 002000 DATA DIVISION. 002100 FILE SECTION. 002200 FD PHONE-FILE 002300 LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD. 002400 01 PHONE-RECORD. 002500 05 PHONE-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 002600 05 PHONE-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 002700 05 PHONE-NUMBER PIC X(15). 002800 05 PHONE-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 002900 003000 FD PRINTER-FILE 003100 LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 003200 01 PRINTER-RECORD PIC X(80). 003300 003400 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 003500 003600* Variables for SCREEN ENTRY 003700 01 PROMPT-1 PIC X(9) VALUE "Last Name". 003800 01 PROMPT-2 PIC X(10) VALUE "First Name". 003900 01 PROMPT-3 PIC X(6) VALUE "Number". 004000 01 PROMPT-4 PIC X(9) VALUE "Extension". 004100 004200 01 YES-NO PIC X. 004300 01 ENTRY-OK PIC X. 004400 004500 PROCEDURE DIVISION. 004600 MAIN-LOGIC SECTION. 004700 PROGRAM-BEGIN. 004800 004900 PERFORM OPENING-PROCEDURE. 005000 MOVE "Y" TO YES-NO. 005100 PERFORM ADD-RECORDS 005200 UNTIL YES-NO = "N". 005300 PERFORM CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 005400 005500 PROGRAM-DONE. 005600 STOP RUN. 005700 005800* OPENING AND CLOSING 005900 006000 OPENING-PROCEDURE. 006100 OPEN EXTEND PHONE-FILE. 006200 OPEN OUTPUT PRINTER-FILE. 006300 006400 CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 006500 CLOSE PHONE-FILE. 006600 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 006700 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 006800 CLOSE PRINTER-FILE. 006900 007000 ADD-RECORDS. 007100 MOVE "N" TO ENTRY-OK. 007200 PERFORM GET-FIELDS 007300 UNTIL ENTRY-OK = "Y". 007400 PERFORM ADD-THIS-RECORD. 007500 PERFORM GO-AGAIN. 007600 007700 GET-FIELDS. 007800 MOVE SPACE TO PHONE-RECORD. 007900 DISPLAY PROMPT-1 " ? ". 008000 ACCEPT PHONE-LAST-NAME. 008100 DISPLAY PROMPT-2 " ? ". 008200 ACCEPT PHONE-FIRST-NAME. 008300 DISPLAY PROMPT-3 " ? ". 008400 ACCEPT PHONE-NUMBER. 008500 DISPLAY PROMPT-4 " ? ". 008600 ACCEPT PHONE-EXTENSION. 008700 PERFORM VALIDATE-FIELDS. 008800 008900 VALIDATE-FIELDS. 009000 MOVE "Y" TO ENTRY-OK. 009100 IF PHONE-LAST-NAME = SPACE 009200 DISPLAY "LAST NAME MUST BE ENTERED" 009300 MOVE "N" TO ENTRY-OK. 009400 009500 ADD-THIS-RECORD. 009600 MOVE PHONE-RECORD TO PRINTER-RECORD. 009700 WRITE PHONE-RECORD. 009800 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 1. 009900 010000 GO-AGAIN. 010100 DISPLAY "GO AGAIN?". 010200 ACCEPT YES-NO. 010300 IF YES-NO = "y" 010400 MOVE "Y" TO YES-NO. 010500 IF YES-NO NOT = "Y" 010600 MOVE "N" TO YES-NO. 010700
The following is the on-screen output of phnadd03.cbl:
OUTPUT:
Last Name ? MARTINSON First Name ? RICKY Number ? 555-1234 Extension ? 405 GO AGAIN? Y Last Name ? JONES First Name ? JOHN Number ? 555-4321 Extension ? 1122 GO AGAIN? N C> C>
This is the printed output of phnadd03.cbl:
OUTPUT:
MARTINSON RICKY 555-1234 405 JONES JOHN 555-4321 1122
ANALYSIS: The SELECT and FD for the PRINTER-FILE are at lines 001600 through 001800 and lines 002900 through 003100. No record for the PRINTER-FILE is created as a variable because there is no need for fields within the PRINTER-RECORD, as you will learn later.
The OPENING-PROCEDURE is modified to open the PRINTER-FILE. Printer files can be opened only in OUTPUT mode, as shown at line 006100.
Before you look at the closing procedure, check lines 009600 and 009800 in ADD-THIS-RECORD. PRINTER-RECORD is filled in by moving the PHONE-RECORD to it at line 009600. Then the PRINTER-RECORD is written at line 009800.
The closing procedure at line 006400 seems odd. Just before the printer file is closed, a record of spaces is written, followed by a form feed (BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE). This forces the last page out of the printer. It doesn't hurt to do this on a standard dot-matrix printer, and it's necessary for laser printers. As I mentioned before, laser printers expect a form feed as the last command.
The only information put in the PRINTER-RECORD is either a complete copy of the PHONE-RECORD at line 009600 or SPACE at line 006400, so there is no need for the PRINTER-RECORD to be created as a structure.
The example printing program is a variation of phnadd02.cbl from Appendix A. It echoes records as they are added to the file. Most COBOL printing programs (sometimes called report programs) are designed to read the contents of an existing file and print the information.
Printing programs, which are also called report programs, are similar to display programs such as phnlst01.cbl (see Appendix A).
You can derive the first version of a printing program that prints all records in a file, phnprt01.cbl, almost directly from phnlst02.cbl. You might want to compare the report program in Listing 10.6 to phnprt01.cbl.
000100 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 000200 PROGRAM-ID. PHNPRT01. 000300*-------------------------------------------------- 000400* This program prints the contents of the 000500* phone file. 000600*-------------------------------------------------- 000700 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 000800 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. 000900 FILE-CONTROL. 001000 SELECT OPTIONAL PHONE-FILE 001100*or SELECT PHONE-FILE 001200 ASSIGN TO "phone.dat" 001300*or ASSIGN TO "phone" 001400 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL. 001500 001600 SELECT PRINTER-FILE 001700 ASSIGN TO PRINTER 001800 ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL. 001900 002000 DATA DIVISION. 002100 FILE SECTION. 002200 FD PHONE-FILE 002300 LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD. 002400 01 PHONE-RECORD. 002500 05 PHONE-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 002600 05 PHONE-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 002700 05 PHONE-NUMBER PIC X(15). 002800 05 PHONE-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 002900 003000 FD PRINTER-FILE 003100 LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 003200 01 PRINTER-RECORD PIC X(80). 003300 003400 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 003500 003600* Structure for PRINTING 003700 01 FIELDS-TO-PRINT. 003800 05 PROMPT-1 PIC X(4) VALUE "Lst:". 003900 05 PRINT-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 004000 05 PROMPT-2 PIC X(4) VALUE "1st:". 004100 05 PRINT-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 004200 05 PROMPT-3 PIC X(3) VALUE "NO:". 004300 05 PRINT-NUMBER PIC X(15). 004400 05 PROMPT-4 PIC X(4) VALUE "Xtn:". 004500 05 PRINT-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 004600 004700 01 END-OF-FILE PIC X. 004800 004900 01 PRINT-LINES PIC 99. 005000 005100 PROCEDURE DIVISION. 005200 MAIN-LOGIC SECTION. 005300 PROGRAM-BEGIN. 005400 005500 PERFORM OPENING-PROCEDURE. 005600 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES. 005700 MOVE "N" TO END-OF-FILE. 005800 PERFORM READ-NEXT-RECORD. 005900 PERFORM PRINT-RECORDS 006000 UNTIL END-OF-FILE = "Y". 006100 PERFORM CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 006200 006300 PROGRAM-DONE. 006400 STOP RUN. 006500 006600 OPENING-PROCEDURE. 006700 OPEN INPUT PHONE-FILE. 006800 OPEN OUTPUT PRINTER-FILE. 006900 007000 CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 007100 CLOSE PHONE-FILE. 007200 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 007300 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 007400 CLOSE PRINTER-FILE. 007500 007600 PRINT-RECORDS. 007700 PERFORM PRINT-FIELDS. 007800 PERFORM READ-NEXT-RECORD. 007900 008000 PRINT-FIELDS. 008100 IF PRINT-LINES = 55 008200 PERFORM NEW-PAGE. 008300 MOVE PHONE-LAST-NAME TO PRINT-LAST-NAME. 008400 MOVE PHONE-FIRST-NAME TO PRINT-FIRST-NAME. 008500 MOVE PHONE-NUMBER TO PRINT-NUMBER. 008600 MOVE PHONE-EXTENSION TO PRINT-EXTENSION. 008700 MOVE FIELDS-TO-PRINT TO PRINTER-RECORD. 008800 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 1. 008900 009000 ADD 1 TO PRINT-LINES. 009100 009200 READ-NEXT-RECORD. 009300 READ PHONE-FILE NEXT RECORD 009400 AT END 009500 MOVE "Y" TO END-OF-FILE. 009600 009700 NEW-PAGE. 009800 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 009900 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 010000 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES. 010100
The printer output of phnprt01.cbl looks something like the following:
OUTPUT:
Lst:MARTINSON 1st:RICKY NO:555-1234 Xtn:405 Lst:JONES 1st:JOHN NO:555-4321 Xtn:1122 Lst:Smith 1st:Michael NO:(213) 555-7075 Xtn:476 Lst:Fitzhugh 1st:Adrianne NO:(202) 555-7017 Xtn:23
ANALYSIS: A printer file has been added in FILE-CONTROL and in the FILE SECTION of the DATA DIVISION. The OPENING-PROCEDURE and CLOSING-PROCEDURE paragraphs include an appropriate OPEN and CLOSE for the PRINTER-FILE, including a closing form feed to eject the last page. The DISPLAY-FIELDS paragraph in phnlst02.cbl has been changed to a PRINT-FIELDS paragraph, which loads the fields and prints them.
One interesting area of change is at lines 008100 and 008200. Here is the original phnlst02.cbl (ignoring line numbering differences):
007000 IF SCREEN-LINES = 15 007100 PERFORM PRESS-ENTER.
This is the phnprt01.cbl program:
008100 IF PRINT-LINES = 55 008200 PERFORM NEW-PAGE.
The SCREEN-LINES variable has been changed to a PRINT-LINES variable, and the size of a print page has been set to 55. A print page usually has 66 (sometimes 68) lines on which you can print data. Laser printers might have fewer lines. If you print from the top to the bottom of the page, the output might appear cluttered, so it is common to allow a margin. I have chosen 55 lines as the breakpoint.
In the original phnlst02.cbl, the user is asked to press Enter to continue, as in the following:
008500 PRESS-ENTER. 008600 DISPLAY "Press ENTER to continue . . ". 008700 ACCEPT A-DUMMY. 008800 MOVE ZEROES TO SCREEN-LINES.
In a printing program, this pause between screens is changed into a page break (form feed):
009700 NEW-PAGE. 009800 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 009900 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 010000 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES.
Code and compile phnprt01.cbl. If you have not done so yet, code and compile phnadd02.cbl from Appendix A. Delete the old data file, phone.dat, and use phnadd02.cbl to create a new file. Then add several phone numbers to the phone.dat file, and run phnprt01.cbl to print these entries. If you have more than 55 entries, phnprt01.cbl inserts a page break after printing 55 entries and starts a new page for the remaining entries.
If you don't feel like entering this many phone numbers, you can use the information in the next section to learn how to build test data to test your printing program.
Creating test data is one way of setting up proper conditions to test COBOL programs. The main thing to keep in mind is that you want the test data to provide fields that will test all the necessary conditions in your program. For phnprt01.cbl, you need to test these conditions:
The test data doesn't have to make sense, as long as it tests those conditions.
The program phnbld01.cbl in Listing 10.7 creates a number of dummy records, based on a quantity entered by the user.
000100 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 000200 PROGRAM-ID. PHNBLD01. 000300*-------------------------------------------------- 000400* This program creates a new data file and fills 000500* it with test data. 000600* The test records are written to the data file 000700* and echoed to the printer. 000800*-------------------------------------------------- 000900 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 001000 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. 001100 FILE-CONTROL. 001200 SELECT PHONE-FILE 001300 ASSIGN TO "phone.dat" 001400 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL. 001500 001600 SELECT PRINTER-FILE 001700 ASSIGN TO PRINTER 001800 ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL. 001900 002000 DATA DIVISION. 002100 FILE SECTION. 002200 FD PHONE-FILE 002300 LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD. 002400 01 PHONE-RECORD. 002500 05 PHONE-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 002600 05 PHONE-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 002700 05 PHONE-NUMBER PIC X(15). 002800 05 PHONE-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 002900 003000 FD PRINTER-FILE 003100 LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 003200 01 PRINTER-RECORD PIC X(80). 003300 003400 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 003500 003600 01 HOW-MANY PIC 999. 003700 01 ENTRY-FIELD PIC ZZZ. 003800 003900 01 PRINT-LINES PIC 99 VALUE ZEROES. 004000 01 FORMATTED-NUMBER. 004100 05 FILLER PIC X(6) VALUE "(404) ". 004200 05 FILLER PIC X(4) VALUE "555-". 004300 05 PHONE-COUNTER PIC 9(4) VALUE ZERO. 004400 004500 PROCEDURE DIVISION. 004600 MAIN-LOGIC SECTION. 004700 PROGRAM-BEGIN. 004800 004900 PERFORM OPENING-PROCEDURE. 005000 PERFORM GET-HOW-MANY. 005100 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES. 005200 PERFORM ADD-RECORDS 005300 VARYING PHONE-COUNTER 005400 FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL 005500 PHONE-COUNTER > HOW-MANY. 005600 PERFORM CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 005700 005800 PROGRAM-DONE. 005900 STOP RUN. 006000 006100* OPENING AND CLOSING 006200 006300 OPENING-PROCEDURE. 006400 OPEN OUTPUT PHONE-FILE. 006500 OPEN OUTPUT PRINTER-FILE. 006600 006700 CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 006800 CLOSE PHONE-FILE. 006900 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 007000 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 007100 CLOSE PRINTER-FILE. 007200 007300 GET-HOW-MANY. 007400 DISPLAY "How many test entries (1-999)". 007500 ACCEPT ENTRY-FIELD. 007600*or ACCEPT ENTRY-FIELD WITH CONVERSION. 007700 MOVE ENTRY-FIELD TO HOW-MANY. 007800 007900 ADD-RECORDS. 008000 PERFORM FORMAT-THE-RECORD. 008100 PERFORM ADD-THIS-RECORD. 008200 008300 FORMAT-THE-RECORD. 008400 MOVE "Joshua------------X" TO PHONE-FIRST-NAME. 008500 MOVE "Johnson------------X" TO PHONE-LAST-NAME. 008600 MOVE "12345" TO PHONE-EXTENSION. 008700 MOVE FORMATTED-NUMBER TO PHONE-NUMBER. 008800 008900 ADD-THIS-RECORD. 009000 WRITE PHONE-RECORD. 009100 PERFORM PRINT-THIS-RECORD. 009200 009300 PRINT-THIS-RECORD. 009400 IF PRINT-LINES NOT < 55 009500 PERFORM NEW-PAGE. 009600 MOVE PHONE-RECORD TO PRINTER-RECORD. 009700 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 1. 009800 ADD 1 TO PRINT-LINES. 009900 010000 NEW-PAGE. 010100 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 010200 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 010300 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES. 010400
The following output of phnbld01.cbl prints when you request 77 entries:
OUTPUT:
Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0001 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0002 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0003 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0004 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0005 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0006 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0007 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0008 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0009 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0010 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0011 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0012 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0013 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0014 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0015 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0016 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0017 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0018 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0019 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0020 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0021 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0022 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0023 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0024 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0025 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0026 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0027 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0028 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0029 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0030 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0031 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0032 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0033 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0034 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0035 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0036 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0037 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0038 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0039 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0040 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0041 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0042 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0043 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0044 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0045 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0046 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0047 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0048 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0049 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0050 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0051 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0052 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0053 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0054 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0055 12345
(New page starts here.)
Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0056 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0057 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0058 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0059 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0060 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0061 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0062 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0063 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0064 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0065 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0066 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0067 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0068 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0069 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0070 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0071 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0072 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0073 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0074 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0075 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0076 12345 Johnson------------XJoshua------------X(404) 555-0077 12345
ANALYSIS: Each record is identical except for the last four digits of the phone number field. The PHONE-FIRST-NAME field is filled in with Joshua------------X to test the full 20 characters of the printed field. Similarly, the PHONE-LAST-NAME field is filled in with Johnson------------X to test the printing of that field, and the PHONE-EXTENSION is filled in with 12345.
The trick of creating a different phone number is taken care of by the structure at lines 004000 through 004400. This sets up a structure containing (404) and 555-, followed by a PHONE-COUNTER. At line 005000, a routine is performed to ask the user how many test records to create. At lines 005200 through 005500, the routine to add records to the file is performed while varying the PHONE-COUNTER from 1 through HOW-MANY entries.
At lines 08300 through 008700, the record is filled in. When the record is added in the routine at 008900, it also is printed, ensuring that you have an accurate record of what exactly was placed in the file.
Edit, compile, and run phnbld01.cbl to create a test file large enough to test the printing capabilities of phnprt01.cbl. Then run phnprt01.cbl to see an output report with a page break in it.
By examining the output, you verify that phnprt01.cbl passes all these test criteria:
The following output of phnprt01.cbl using 77 entries was created by phnbld01.cbl:
OUTPUT:
Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0001 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0002 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0003 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0004 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0005 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0006 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0007 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0008 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0009 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0010 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0011 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0012 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0013 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0014 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0015 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0016 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0017 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0018 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0019 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0020 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0021 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0022 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0023 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0024 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0025 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0026 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0027 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0028 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0029 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0030 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0031 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0032 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0033 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0034 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0035 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0036 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0037 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0038 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0039 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0040 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0041 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0042 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0043 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0044 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0045 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0046 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0047 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0048 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0049 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0050 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0051 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0052 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0053 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0054 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0055 Xtn:12345
(New page starts here.)
Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0056 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0057 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0058 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0059 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0060 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0061 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0062 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0063 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0064 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0065 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0066 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0067 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0068 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0069 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0070 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0071 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0072 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0073 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0074 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0075 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0076 Xtn:12345 Lst:Johnson------------X1st:Joshua------------XNO:(404) 555-0077 Xtn:12345
Examination of the output does reveal a problem. The fields are all jammed end-to-end, with no space between the end of one field and the beginning of the prompt for the next field.
Usually, a COBOL report program looks more like the example lines in Figure 10.1.
Figure 10.1.
The layout of a COBOL report program.
COBOL report layouts usually are worked out on a printer spacing sheet. A blank printer spacing sheet is shown in Figure 10.2. The printer spacing sheet uses 80 columns (or 132 for wide-carriage printers) to represent printing positions. You can buy these at a stationery shop or simply adapt graph paper to do the same job.
The spacing sheet for this sample report program is shown in Figure 10.3. The layout is done by hand and helps to calculate the spacing of the output data in a report. When you have determined the spacing, you can work out what the data should look like in the program.
Figure 10.2.
A printer spacing sheet.
Figure 10.3.
A COBOL printer layout sheet.
The main part of the report is detail lines holding enough space for each field, with a space between each field, as shown in Listing 10.8.
005400 005500 01 DETAIL-LINE. 005600 05 PRINT-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 005700 05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE. 005800 05 PRINT-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 005900 05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE. 006000 05 PRINT-NUMBER PIC X(15). 006100 05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE. 006200 05 PRINT-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 006300
The top line of the report is a title line; the structure shown in Listing 10.9 holds the title for the report and an incrementing page number.
003700 01 TITLE-LINE. 003800 05 FILLER PIC X(21) VALUE SPACE. 003900 05 FILLER PIC X(17) VALUE 004000 "PHONE BOOK REPORT". 004100 05 FILLER PIC X(15) VALUE SPACE. 004200 05 FILLER PIC X(5) VALUE "Page:". 004300 05 PRINT-PAGE-NUMBER PIC ZZZZ9. 004400
The second line at the top of each page of the report is for column headings; the structure shown in Listing 10.10 is used to print the columns. The column headings do not change, so all the values in COLUMN-HEADINGS are defined as FILLER.
004600 01 COLUMN-HEADINGS. 004700 05 FILLER PIC X(9) VALUE "Last Name". 004800 05 FILLER PIC X(12) VALUE SPACE. 004900 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE "First Name". 005000 05 FILLER PIC X(11) VALUE SPACE. 005100 05 FILLER PIC X(6) VALUE "Number". 005200 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE SPACE. 005300 05 FILLER PIC X(4) VALUE "Ext.".
With the data structure defined, you now can consider the program. Printing the information differs only slightly from phnprt01.cbl. The difference is that the logic to start another page must include ending the last page by inserting a form feed, incrementing the page number, and then printing the title line and the column heading line.
Starting a new page is really two separate problems, because first you must end the old page and then start the new one. The new page logic has to be broken into two pieces because you need to be able to start a new page at the beginning of the report (print the title and column headings) without ending an old page (insert a form feed).
Listing 10.11 is the program that results from this modification to the layout and logic, and it also includes some new features.
000100 IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. 000200 PROGRAM-ID. PHNPRT02. 000300*-------------------------------------------------- 000400* This program prints the contents of the 000500* phone file. 000600*-------------------------------------------------- 000700 ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. 000800 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. 000900 FILE-CONTROL. 001000 SELECT OPTIONAL PHONE-FILE 001100*or SELECT PHONE-FILE 001200 ASSIGN TO "phone.dat" 001300*or ASSIGN TO "phone" 001400 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL. 001500 001600 SELECT PRINTER-FILE 001700 ASSIGN TO PRINTER 001800 ORGANIZATION IS LINE SEQUENTIAL. 001900 002000 DATA DIVISION. 002100 FILE SECTION. 002200 FD PHONE-FILE 002300 LABEL RECORDS ARE STANDARD. 002400 01 PHONE-RECORD. 002500 05 PHONE-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 002600 05 PHONE-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 002700 05 PHONE-NUMBER PIC X(15). 002800 05 PHONE-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 002900 003000 FD PRINTER-FILE 003100 LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 003200 01 PRINTER-RECORD PIC X(80). 003300 003400 WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 003500 003600* Structure for printing a title line 003700 01 TITLE-LINE. 003800 05 FILLER PIC X(21) VALUE SPACE. 003900 05 FILLER PIC X(17) VALUE 004000 "PHONE BOOK REPORT". 004100 05 FILLER PIC X(15) VALUE SPACE. 004200 05 FILLER PIC X(5) VALUE "Page:". 004300 05 PRINT-PAGE-NUMBER PIC ZZZZ9. 004400 004500* Structure for printing a column heading 004600 01 COLUMN-HEADINGS. 004700 05 FILLER PIC X(9) VALUE "Last Name". 004800 05 FILLER PIC X(12) VALUE SPACE. 004900 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE "First Name". 005000 05 FILLER PIC X(11) VALUE SPACE. 005100 05 FILLER PIC X(6) VALUE "Number". 005200 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE SPACE. 005300 05 FILLER PIC X(4) VALUE "Ext.". 005400 005500 01 DETAIL-LINE. 005600 05 PRINT-LAST-NAME PIC X(20). 005700 05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE. 005800 05 PRINT-FIRST-NAME PIC X(20). 005900 05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE. 006000 05 PRINT-NUMBER PIC X(15). 006100 05 FILLER PIC X(1) VALUE SPACE. 006200 05 PRINT-EXTENSION PIC X(5). 006300 006400 01 END-OF-FILE PIC X. 006500 006600 01 PRINT-LINES PIC 99. 006700 01 PAGE-NUMBER PIC 9(5). 006800 006900 PROCEDURE DIVISION. 007000 MAIN-LOGIC SECTION. 007100 PROGRAM-BEGIN. 007200 007300 PERFORM OPENING-PROCEDURE. 007400 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES 007500 PAGE-NUMBER. 007600 PERFORM START-NEW-PAGE. 007700 MOVE "N" TO END-OF-FILE. 007800 PERFORM READ-NEXT-RECORD. 007900 IF END-OF-FILE = "Y" 008000 MOVE "No records found" TO PRINTER-RECORD 008100 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 1. 008200 PERFORM PRINT-RECORDS 008300 UNTIL END-OF-FILE = "Y". 008400 PERFORM CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 008500 008600 PROGRAM-DONE. 008700 STOP RUN. 008800 008900 OPENING-PROCEDURE. 009000 OPEN INPUT PHONE-FILE. 009100 OPEN OUTPUT PRINTER-FILE. 009200 009300 CLOSING-PROCEDURE. 009400 CLOSE PHONE-FILE. 009500 PERFORM END-LAST-PAGE. 009600 CLOSE PRINTER-FILE. 009700 009800 PRINT-RECORDS. 009900 PERFORM PRINT-FIELDS. 010000 PERFORM READ-NEXT-RECORD. 010100 010200 PRINT-FIELDS. 010300 IF PRINT-LINES NOT < 55 010400 PERFORM NEXT-PAGE. 010500 MOVE PHONE-LAST-NAME TO PRINT-LAST-NAME. 010600 MOVE PHONE-FIRST-NAME TO PRINT-FIRST-NAME. 010700 MOVE PHONE-NUMBER TO PRINT-NUMBER. 010800 MOVE PHONE-EXTENSION TO PRINT-EXTENSION. 010900 MOVE DETAIL-LINE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 011000 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 1. 011100 011200 ADD 1 TO PRINT-LINES. 011300 011400 READ-NEXT-RECORD. 011500 READ PHONE-FILE NEXT RECORD 011600 AT END 011700 MOVE "Y" TO END-OF-FILE. 011800 011900 NEXT-PAGE. 012000 PERFORM END-LAST-PAGE. 012100 PERFORM START-NEW-PAGE. 012200 012300 START-NEW-PAGE. 012400 ADD 1 TO PAGE-NUMBER. 012500 MOVE PAGE-NUMBER TO PRINT-PAGE-NUMBER. 012600 MOVE TITLE-LINE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 012700 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 2. 012800 MOVE COLUMN-HEADINGS TO PRINTER-RECORD. 012900 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING 2. 013000 MOVE 4 TO PRINT-LINES. 013100 013200 END-LAST-PAGE. 013300 MOVE SPACE TO PRINTER-RECORD. 013400 WRITE PRINTER-RECORD BEFORE ADVANCING PAGE. 013500 MOVE ZEROES TO PRINT-LINES. 013600
The following is output from phnprt02.cbl when run against a test data file containing 77 entries created with phnbld01.cbl:
OUTPUT:
PHONE BOOK REPORT Page: 1 Last Name First Name Number Ext. Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0001 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0002 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0003 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0004 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0005 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0006 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0007 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0008 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0009 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0010 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0011 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0012 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0013 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0014 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0015 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0016 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0017 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0018 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0019 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0020 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0021 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0022 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0023 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0024 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0025 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0026 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0027 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0028 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0029 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0030 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0031 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0032 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0033 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0034 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0035 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0036 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0037 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0038 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0039 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0040 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0041 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0042 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0043 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0044 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0045 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0046 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0047 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0048 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0049 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0050 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0051 12345
(New page starts here.)
PHONE BOOK REPORT Page: 2 Last Name First Name Number Ext. Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0052 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0053 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0054 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0055 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0056 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0057 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0058 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0059 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0060 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0061 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0062 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0063 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0064 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0065 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0066 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0067 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0068 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0069 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0070 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0071 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0072 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0073 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0074 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0075 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0076 12345 Johnson------------X Joshua------------X (404) 555-0077 12345
ANALYSIS: The logic called NEW-PAGE in phnprt01.cbl has been changed to NEXT-PAGE. NEXT-PAGE at line 011900 has been broken into two separate actions: END-LAST-PAGE and START-NEW-PAGE.
END-LAST-PAGE at lines 013200 through 013500 performs the familiar task of forcing a form feed.
The START-NEW-PAGE logic at lines 012300 through 013000 takes care of starting the top of a new page. It adds 1 to the page number, moves the new page number to PRINT-PAGE-NUMBER in the TITLE-LINE, writes TITLE-LINE, and advances two lines. The COLUMN-HEADINGS are written, also followed by two lines, and the PRINT-LINES variable is set to 4 to indicate the number of lines used on the page so far.
The main logic of the program, at lines 007300 through 008400, opens the files, initializes the PRINT-LINES and PAGE-NUMBER variables, starts a new page ready for printing, and reads the first record in the file.
Before the main loop is entered, the logic tests for an immediate end-of-file at line 007900. It is a good practice to have some handling for an empty file, and this program prints a "No records found" message. Without this message, all you see on the report is a title and columns. The message makes it clear that the data file contained no records.
Trace out the logic for this program until you feel comfortable with it, and then code, compile, and run it against the test file created with phnbld01.cbl.
Reporting on the data in files is one of the main activities of COBOL programs. Today, you learned the following basics about coding, modifying, and printing reports:
In Listing 10.11, what would be the effect of changing line 007600 to read as follows?
007600 PERFORM NEXT-PAGE.
001100 01 CUSTOMER-RECORD. 001200 05 CUSTOMER-NUMBER PIC 9(4). 001300 05 CUSTOMER-NAME PIC X(20). 001400 05 CUSTOMER-PHONE PIC X(15). 001500 05 CUSTOMER-BALANCE PIC S9(5)V99.
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