Appendix A
CONTENTS
This appendix collects the various tables used throughout the
book, plus a few extra, to make referencing their data faster.
For even faster access, just tear these pages out (carefully)
and paste them on the wall near your computer.
Backslash Characters
| Operation |
\n | Newline
|
\r | Return
|
\t | Tab |
\f | Formfeed
|
\b | Backspace
|
\v | Vertical tab
|
\a | Bell |
\e | Escape
|
\007 | Any octal ASCII value, such as 007 = bell
|
\x7f | Any hex ASCII value, such as 7f = delete
|
\cC | Any "control" character, such as control C
|
\\ | Backslash
|
\" | Double quote
|
\l | Lowercase next letter
|
\L | Lowercase all following letters until \E
|
\u | Uppercase next letter
|
\U | Uppercase all following letters until \E
|
\E | Terminate \L or \U
|
Operator | Action
| Example |
+ | Addition
| 1+2, or 3 |
- | Subtraction
| 1-2, or -1 |
* | Multiplication
| 2*2, or 4 |
/ | Division
| 2/2, or 1 |
** | Exponentiation
| 2**3, or 8 |
% | Modulus
| 2.3%3.2, or 0 |
< | Less than
| 2<3 |
<= | Less than or equal to
| 2<=3 |
== | Equal to
| 2==4/2 |
>= | Greater than or equal to
| 3>=2 |
> | Greater than
| 5>1 |
!= | Not equal to
| 5!=1 |
Operator | Action
| Example |
. | Concatenate
| "bi,". "g," or "big"
|
eq | Equal |
"small" eq "small" |
ne | Not equal
| "small" ne "tiny" |
lt | Less than
| "30" lt "7" |
gt | Greater than
| "50" gt "300" |
le | Less than or equal to
| "ten" le "ten" |
ge | Greater than or equal to
| "eleven" ge "eleven" |
x | String repetition
| "more" x 2, or "moremore"
|
Comparison | Numeric
| String |
Equal | == |
eq |
Not equal | !=
| ne |
Less than | <
| lt |
Greater than | >
| gt |
Less than or equal to | <=
| le |
Greater than or equal to | >=
| ge |
Windows NT Perl includes the following:
Location-perl\5.001\
install.bat
install.txt
license.txt
manifest.old
manifest.txt
mkolex.bat
pl2bat.bat
readme.txt
release.txt
status.txt
Location-perl\5.001\docs\
ntext.htm
ntmore.htm
ntole.htm
ntperl5.htm
perl5.htm
perlapi.htm
perlbook.htm
perlbot.htm
perlcall.htm
perldata.htm
perldebu.htm
perldiag.htm
perlembd.htm
perlform.htm
perlfunc.htm
perlguts.htm
perlipc.htm
perlmod.htm
perlopj.htm
perlob,htm
perlovl.htm
perlre.htm
perlref.htm
perlrun.htm
perlsec.hm
perlstly.htm
perlsub.htm
perlsyn.htm
perltrap.htm
perlver.htm
status.htm
Location-perl\5.001\docs\ole\
excel_application_5.htm
excel_application_5.txt
word_basic.htm
word_basic.txt
Location-perl\5.001\lib\
abbrev.pl
assert.pl
bigfloat.pl
bigint.pl
bigrat.pl
cacheout.pl
carp.pm
config.pm
ctime.pl
cwd.pm
dumpvar.pl
dynaloader.pm
english.pm
env.pm
exceptions.pl
exporter.pm
extutils
fastcwd.pl
file
filehandle.pm
find.pl
finddepth.pl
flush.pl
ftp.pl
getcwd.pl
getopt
getopt.pl
getopts.pl
hostname.pl
importenv.pl
integer.pm
less.pm
look.pl
math
newgetopt.pl
nt.ph
ole
perl5db.pl
pwd.pl
search
shell.pm
shellwords.pl
sigtrap.pm
strict.pm
subs.pm
substrash.pm
test
text
tiehash.pm
time
timelocal.pl
validate.pl
In extutils\
miniperl.pm
typemap
subpp
In file\
basename.pm
checktree.pm
find.pm
path.pm
In getopt\
long.pm
std.pm
In math\
bigfloat.pm
bigint.pm
complex.pm
In ole\ (OLE Automation Extensions)
excel_application_5.pm
mkolex.log
word_basic.pm
local.pm
In search\
dict.pm
In test\
harness.pm
abbrev.pm
parsewords.pm
soundex.pm
tabs.pm
Location-perl\5.001\src\
av.c
av.h
config.h
configur
cop.h
cv.h
deb.c
doio.c
doop.c
dosish.h
dump.c
embed.h
extern.h
form.h
globals.c
gv.c
gv.h
handy.h
hv.c
hv.h
inc
intern.h
keywords.h
main.c
makefile
mg.c
mg.h
nt.c
nt.h
ntlib.c
ntole.cpp
ntt
ntxs.c
op.c
op.h
opcode.h
patchlvl.h
perl.c
perl.h
perl.mak
perlglob.c
perly.c
perl.h
pp.c
pp.h
pp_ctl.c
pp_hot.c
pp_sys.c
proto.h
regcomp.c
regcomp.h
reg.exec.c
regexp.h
run.c
scope.c
scope.h
sv.c
sv.h
taint.c
toke.c
unixish.h
util.h
xsub.h
In - \inc
direct.h
netdb.h
In-\inc\sys
socket.h
Location-perl\5.001\src\ntt\
test.bat
In-\base
cond.ntt
if.ntt
lex.ntt
pat.ntt
term.ntt
In-\cmd
elsif.ntt
for.ntt
mod.ntt
subval.ntt
switch.ntt
while.ntt
In-\comp
cmdopt.ntt
decl.ntt
multiline.ntt
package.ntt
script.ntt
term.ntt
In-\io
argv.ntt
dup.ntt
inplace.ntt
print.ntt
tell.ntt
In-\lib
bigint.ntt
english.ntt
soundex.ntt
In-\nt
event.log
reg.ntt
unsupported.ntt
In-\op
append.ntt
array.ntt
auto.ntt
chop.ntt
cond.ntt
delete.ntt
do.ntt
each.ntt
eval.ntt
exec.ntt
exp.ntt
flip.ntt
glob.ntt
goto.ntt
groups.ntt
index.ntt
int.ntt
join.ntt
list.ntt
local.ntt
magic.ntt
mkdir.ntt
my.ntt
oct.ntt
ord.ntt
pack.ntt
pat.ntt
push.ntt
quotemeta.ntt
rand.ntt
range.ntt
read.ntt
readdir.ntt
ref.ntt
regexp.ntt
repeat.ntt
re_tests
sleep.ntt
sort.ntt
split.ntt
sprintf.ntt
study.ntt
substr.ntt
time.ntt
undef.ntt
unshift.ntt
vec.ntt
write.ntt
Windows NT Perl does not include the following:
getnetbyname()
getnetbyaddr()
getenetent()
getprotoent()
getservent()
sethostent()
setnetent()
setprotoent()
setservent()
endhostent()
endnetent()
endprotoent()
endservent()
socketpair()
msgetl()
msgget()
msgrev()
msgsnd()
semctl()
semget()
shmctl()
shmget()
shmread()
shmwrite()
ioctl()
select($w,$x,$y,$z) (Note that the "single" argument
version of select has been implemented.)
chmod()
chroot()
fcntl()
flock()
link()
lstat()
readlink()
symlink()
sysread()
syswrite()
umask()
utime()
crypt()
getlogin()
getpgrp()
getppid()
getpriority()
getpwnam()
getgrnam()
getpwuid()
getgrgid()
getpwent()
getgrent()
setpwent()
setgrent()
endpwent()
endgrent()
setpgrp()
fork()
kill()
pipe()
setpriority()
times()
wait()
waitpid()
alarm()
dbmclose()
dbmopen()
dump()
syscall()
NOTE |
Dynaloader has not been implemented in Windows NT Perl 5, so that any extension which requires dynamic loading cannot be supported.
|
Operator | Associativity
|
++ -- (Autoincrement, autodecrement) | Right
|
! ~ - (Logical not, bitwise not, numeric negate)
| Right |
** (Exponentiation) | Left |
=~ !~ (Match, doesn't match) | Left
|
* / % x (Multiply, divide, modulus, string repetition)
| Left |
+ - . (Add, subtract, string concatenate) |
Left |
<< >> (Ait shift) | None
|
-r and other file test operators (Note: use hex() and oct() to interpret hex and octal values)
| None |
The named unary operators | None
|
< <= > >= lt le gt ge (The "not equal" operators)
| None |
== != <=> eq ne cmp (The "equal" operators)
| Left |
& (Bitwise and) | Left
|
| ^ (Bitwise or, bitwise exclusive or) |
Left |
&& (Logical and) | Left
|
|| (Logical or) | None |
.. (Range operator, list constructor) | Right
|
?: (Ternary if/then/else operator) | Right
|
+= And others (the "assignment" operators)
| Left |
, (comma) | None |
The "list" operators |
|
Equivalent Class | Construct
| Negated Class | Negated Construct
|
\d (digits) | [0-9] | \D (digits, not!)
| [^0-9] |
\w (words) | [a - zA - Z0-9_]
| \W (words, not!) | [^a - zA - Z0-9_]
|
\s (space) | [ \r\t\n\f] |
\S (space, not!) | [^ \r\t\n\f]
|
Name | Representation
|
Parentheses | () |
Multipliers | + * ? {m,n} |
Sequence and anchoring | abc ^ $ \b \B
|
Alternation | | |
-r | File or directory is readable
|
-w | File or directory is writable
|
-x | File or directory is excutable
|
-o | File or directory is owned by user
|
-R | File or directory is readable by real user, not effective user
|
-W | File or directory is writable by real user, not effective user
|
-X | File or directory is writable by real user, not effective user
|
-O | File or directory is owned by real user, not effective user
|
-e | File or directory exists
|
-z | File exists and has zero size
|
-s | File or directory exists and has nonzero size
|
-f | Entry is plain file
|
-d | Entry is a directory
|
-l | Entry is a symlink
|
-S | Entry is a socket
|
-p | Entry is a pipe
|
-b | Entry is a block-special file
|
-c | Entry is a character-special file
|
-u | File or directory is setuid
|
-g | File or directory is setgid
|
-k | File or directory has the sticky bit set
|
-t | Isatty() on the filehandle true
|
-T | File is text
|
-B | File is binary
|
-M | Modification age in days
|
-A | Access age in days
|
-C | Inode-modification age in days
|
Version 2, June 1991
Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of
this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it. By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change
free software-to make sure the software is free for all its users.
This General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit
to using it. (Some other Free Software Foundation software is
covered by the GNU Library General Public License instead.) You
can apply it to your programs, too.
When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price. Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that
you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and
charge for this service if you wish), that you receive source
code or can get it if you want it, that you can change the software
or use pieces of it in new free programs; and that you know you
can do these things.
To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the
rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you
if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.
For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights
that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can
get the source code. And you must show them these terms so they
know their rights.
We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software,
and offer you this license which gives you legal permission to
copy, distribute and/or modify the software.
Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software. If the software is modified by someone else and passed
on, we want its recipients to know that what they have is not
the original, so that any problems introduced by others will not
reflect on the original authors' reputations.
Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents. We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a
free program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect
making the program proprietary. To prevent this, we have made
it clear that any patent must be licensed for everyone's free
use or not licensed at all.
The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.
0 |
This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License. The "Program,"
below, refers to any such program or work, and a "work based
on the Program" means either the Program or any derivative
work under copyright law: that is to say, a work containing the
Program or a portion of it, either verbatim or with modifications
and/or translated into another language. (Hereinafter, translation
is included without limitation in the term "modification.")
Each licensee is addressed as "you."
Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are
not covered by this License; they are outside its scope. The act
of running the Program is not restricted, and the output from
the Program is covered only if its contents constitute a work
based on the Program (independent of having been made by running
the Program). Whether that is true depends on what the Program
does. |
- You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.
You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy,
and you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange
for a fee.
- You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section
1 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:
- You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.
- You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that
in whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or
any part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all
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- If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such interactive
use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an announcement
including an appropriate copyright notice and a notice that there
is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide a warranty) and
that users may redistribute the program under these conditions,
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If the Program itself is interactive but does not normally print
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to print an announcement.)
These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole. If identifiable
sections of that work are not derived from the Program, and can
be reasonably considered independent and separate works in themselves,
then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those sections
when you distribute them as separate works. But when you distribute
the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based on
the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms
of this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend
to the entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless
of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or
contest your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the
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In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the
Program with the Program (or with a work based on the Program)
on a volume of a storage or distribution medium does not bring
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- You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on
it, under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the
terms of Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one
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or,
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The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work
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If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable
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It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe
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This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed
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- If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted
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License may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation
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following the terms and conditions either of that version or of
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you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.
- If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other
free programs whose distribution conditions are different, write
to the author to ask for permission. For software which is copyrighted
by the Free Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation;
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- BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO
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AND/OR OTHER PARTIES PROVIDE THE PROGRAM "AS IS" WITHOUT
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- IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO
IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY
MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE
LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO
USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA OR
DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY YOU OR THIRD
PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED
OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to
make it free software which everyone can redistribute and change
under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at
least the "copyright" line and a pointer to where the
full notice is found.
<one line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.>
Copyright (C) 19yy <name of author>
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
the License, or (at your option) any later version.
This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
General Public License for more details.
You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
Inc., 675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper
mail.
If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like
this when it starts in an interactive mode:
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19__ name of author Gnomovision
comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type "show
w."
This is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it
under certain conditions; type "show c" for details.
The hypothetical commands "show w" and "show c"
should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License.
Of course, the commands you use may be called something other
than "show w" and "show c"; they could even
be mouse-clicks or menu items-whatever suits your program.
You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer)
or your school, if any, to sign a "copyright disclaimer"
for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample; alter the names:
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.
<signature of Ty Coon>, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
This General Public License does not permit incorporating your
program into proprietary programs. If your program is a subroutine
library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary
applications with the library. If this is what you want to do,
use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.
The intent of this document is to state the conditions under which
a Package may be copied, such that the Copyright Holder maintains
some semblance of artistic control over the development of the
package, while giving the users of the package the right to use
and distribute the Package in a more-or-less customary fashion,
plus the right to make reasonable modifications.
"Package" refers to the collection of files distributed
by the Copyright Holder, and derivatives of that collection of
files created through textual modification.
"Standard Version" refers to such a Package if it has
not been modified, or has been modified in accordance with the
wishes of the Copyright Holder as specified below.
"Copyright Holder" is whoever is named in the copyright
or copyrights for the package.
"You" is you, if you're thinking about copying or distributing
this Package.
"Reasonable copying fee" is whatever you can justify
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